Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates composed of a small number of monosaccharide units (typically 3 to 10) linked by glycosidic bonds, and they play diverse and significant biological functions. Naturally present in plants, animals, and microorganisms, they are involved in cell recognition, adhesion processes, and modulation of physiological functions. Oligosaccharides are resistant to digestion in the human gastrointestinal tract, allowing them to act as prebiotics that promote beneficial gut bacteria and support intestinal health.
There are two major categories: common oligosaccharides and functional oligosaccharides. Functional oligosaccharides, including fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and galactooligosaccharides (GOS), have gained attention due to their health-promoting properties. These compounds enhance immune responses, reduce inflammation, and exhibit antioxidant activity. Clinical studies show that functional oligosaccharides can alleviate intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colon cancer by supporting intestinal barrier repair, modulating immune cell behavior, and promoting the growth of beneficial microbiota.
Health Benefits and Biological Roles
- Gut Health: Act as prebiotics, fostering the growth of beneficial bacteria and improving intestinal function.
- Immune Modulation: Enhance immune responses and help regulate inflammation.
- Metabolic Regulation: Influence serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and overall metabolic health.
- Low Caloric Value: Contribute minimal calories and have a limited impact on blood glucose, making them suitable for dietary supplements.
- Therapeutic Activities: Exhibit anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antiallergic, neuroprotective, anticancer, and cardiometabolic benefits.
Due to their wide range of biological activities and natural availability, oligosaccharides are increasingly used in nutritional and medical applications. Advances in understanding their mechanisms and biosynthesis continue to expand their therapeutic potential and industrial relevance.
In summary, oligosaccharides represent a versatile class of bioactive carbohydrates with broad applications in health and disease management. Their ability to modulate the gut microbiome, immune system, and metabolic pathways underscores their importance in nutritional science and therapeutic development.
